Background
The trigeminal nerve, also referred to as cranial nerve V (CN V), is responsible for facial sensation and movement of the jaw. There are two trigeminal nerves, one located on the right side of the head and the other on the left side.
Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy, also referred to as idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy, is a disease which affects the function of both the left and right trigeminal nerves. The cause of this condition is unknown and it can affect adult dogs of any breed.
Clinical signs
Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy results in a sudden loss of jaw function. Consequently affected dogs will have a dropped jaw and are unable to close the jaw; this results in difficulty eating and drinking. Infrequently, affected dogs may also have reduced sensation of their face.
Diagnosis
Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning other conditions that cause similar clinical signs need to be ruled out before reaching the diagnosis. Investigations may include examination of the mouth, a MRI or CT scan of the head, cerebrospinal fluid analysis (spinal tap), infectious disease tests and possible electrodiagnostics (assessment of muscle electrical activity).
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy. Treatment centres on supportive care which includes hand feeding and offering water to dogs having difficulty picking up food. Small balls of food can be offered from a height and the jaw gently held closed. Water can be slowly syringed into the side of mouth, although care needs to be taken to avoid aspiration. In some cases a feeding tube placed into the oesophagus or stomach may be required to enable the delivery of food.
Prognosis
Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is a self-limiting condition that is generally considered to have a good prognosis. The majority of affected dogs recover within three weeks, although in some cases recovery may be longer. Recurrence of the condition, although rare, can occur.
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